Christopher Bollyn: The Man Who Solved 9/11

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Published on Sep 22, 2017

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Investigative journalist, 9/11 researcher, and author Christopher Bollyn sits down with Adam Green and Know More News for an exclusive interview. We discuss: His Books and Tour Israeli Role in 9/11 Predictive Programming Alex Jones controlled opposiiton and much more! Christopher Bollyns Books.
https://www.amazon.com/Solving-9-11-D... https://www.amazon.com/War-Terror-Plo... http://www.bollyn.com/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLWIV0TTcbI

BREXIT: Take it or leave it?




"The European Commission is trying to extract money from Britain with menaces by insisting on a large exit payment." Jacob Rees-Mogg


Aren't you just SICK of Brexit and the bully-boy tactics of the soviet - oops I mean European - union?

High principles as usual reduced to MONEY. What the British people need to know, and what should have been worked out YEARS ago in preparation, is what are the PRECISE consequences for trade, of a no-deal exit. The issue is cross border tariffs and what would be the situation under world trade terms.

I have no problem the UK paying what it is contracted to pay but everything turns on how much for how long.

The negotiating position of the 27 'remainers', that it is impossible to discuss trade terms until they have wrung every penny they can out of the British Taxpayer is nothing short of extortion, and only confirms what some commentators have said for a long time, that the EU is essentially a criminal enterprise whose accounts no accountant is prepared to sign off.

Basically fraud is rife and much of its expenditure is either on vanity projects, supporting unsustainable industry or is untraceable.

The negotiating stance it has taken should now convince those who were undecided, that the sooner out the better - whatever the terms!

One Way of Thinking?

Human Cattle Awakening

Hi Tim, Critical Thinking’s analysis has evolved since its inception in January 2012, since when, there have been five iterations of its Model of the political economy: 1st iteration 2013 Economics to Save our Civilisation 2nd iteration 2014 Concentrated Power and Consequences – Report  3rd iteration 2015 The time for Critical Thinking is now! 4th iteration 2016 Hierarchy and the Political Economy 5th iteration July 2017 Reform Proposals in the Monetary System for Attaining Global Economic Stability (this was a refinement of the 4th iteration in the context of monetary reform and in that sense, an interim iteration) This is the 6th iteration of Critical Thinking’s analysis. October 2017 Critical Thinking outlined its objective in 2012 as: to understand the political economy to identify levers for change. This 6th iteration reveals one lever for change which is universally applicable and beneficial, the means to co-create a shared understanding of the reality of the human condition - that we are farmed as domesticated animals - and what we can do about it. We are shackled and chained by beliefs and deference to authority, inculcated since birth; our liberation awaits in CoCreative Learning.   CoCreative Learning in Action Our plight is revealed progressively through iterations of Critical Thinking’s Model of the political economy which has yet to be seriously challenged or verified by established academia, although there are academics who have made substantial contributions to elements of the Model. Critical Thinking’s co-creative research and analysis reveals that usury, theft of the commons and institutional hierarchy have denied us access to our birthright (the means to life) unless we enter into the Faustian pact with the political economy. To live, we don the shackles and chains of own enslavement. Impediments and obstacles to learning  There are many reasons why our analysis goes unchallenged in any serious manner but a major impediment is the way we’ve been trained to learn and absorb information. Concepts or information which contradict our beliefs or way of thinking are rejected. We’ve been programmed to think the way we think. We don’t all think the same because we’ve been programmed into believing layers of lies and misinformation, to divide families, communities and nations into multiple factions or “identities”, while being subjected to “tribal” conditioning, thereby ensuring that we never engage with the “other” to understand why our beliefs and attitudes differ. We need to move out of the comfort of our social circle to explore other perspectives to gain deeper understanding of reality. We are like the blind men of Indostan trying to describe an elephant but each "sees" (by touch) a different part of the beast. John Godfrey Saxe "The Blind Men and the Elephant " Poem animation Indian parable (3 minute video) We're not listening to the "other" to understand the nature and effect of the political economy from their perspective before deciding we know how the world works. Once we've made up our minds, we brook no argument. We are engaged in multiple levels of binary groupthink telling each other, we have the answers!  Another reason our perspectives are so narrow is that we can only absorb so much information, particularly if we attempt look beyond “authorised” sources. No one mind can absorb, sift, analyse and synthesise sufficient information to get a grasp of part of the system, let alone the whole because there are numerous hidden influences and connections at work. To “see” the political economy, we need multiple perspectives to understand the nature and workings of the political economy. The only way to cover sufficient ground to gain these perspectives is through self-organised, co-creative learning. Trained into subservience Co-creative learning comes naturally to humans and underpinned thriving, preliterate societies within which co-operation was key to survival. Before the establishment of civilisations, co-creative learning was the way we lived. However, as civilisations developed, emerging knowledge became the preserve of the ruling elites in societies and those in their service (priests, scribes. tax collectors etc.). Later, the establishment of compulsory schooling segregated and trained humans to fulfil different roles in the political economy but not to question authority nor what we are taught. The Ultimate History Lesson: A Weekend with John Taylor Gatto (Intro + Hour 1 of 5) (1 hour 18 minute video) The Promise of CoCreative Learning What the internet offers is the unprecedented means to co-create an ecology of CoCreative Learning to synthesise a shared understanding of the political economy and what we can do about it through CoCreative Learning. The CoCreative Learning Project evolved from Critical Thinking and created itself (autopoiesis).   CoCreative Learning is a free, open source project, drawing on a wide body of accumulated understanding and practice, to share proven techniques to learn co-creatively - ie. CoCreative Learning isn't hampered or fettered by the incentives, penalties and limitations of established education practice. CoCreative Learning makes explicit, what is implicit in much human activity. CoCreative Learning removes the shackles and blinkers of orthodox learning to unleash human creative potential. The CoCreative Learning wiki page explains the Process and Principles behind Critical Thinking’s methodology and offers a step by step guide to unleash human potential through co-creative learning. Human Servitude Our servitude (as domesticated cattle) is self-imposed through fear and ignorance; we scoff at the beliefs of “primitive” peoples, ignorant of what made those societies thrive – the glue of co-creative learning. We are divided and conflated through ignorance of the “others”’ perspective. We may scoff at others but we’re in the same or even worse state than Etienne de Boetie’s contemporaries when he wrote Discourse on Voluntary Servitude500 years ago. Competition is the founding principle of the current political economy and, for us, it starts with compulsory education - standards, testing and grading - and continues throughout our lives. Control of how we think is the primary “domesticating” force. In the same way as we train pets and working animals, we are incentivised and penalised to yield to authority in many ways. Thought is the last kernel of freedom that the political economy seeks to expunge from humanity using the levers of power controlled by the few – see 4th iteration, Hierarchy and the Political Economy. Some time ago, Critical Thinking agreed to refer to the “few” as the Structural Elite because it is the structure of the political economy which has evolved to cement and grow their power. These are the farmers of human cattle and we are their livestock. The Rothschild family are probably the dominant force although whether they answer to a higher power is an open question but the levers of power are primarily in their hands and their power can be rendered impotent, without violence, by us. Because it is our compliance with and support of their system which enslaves us. We defer to authority, oblivious to its criminal nature. The elevated cattle, doing the bidding of the Structural Elite, are controlled through sex, money and drugs. We are ruled by the very worst in society – a kakistocracy.  We are complicit in their crimes because we embrace their ideologies and are in awe of their authority. The 5th iteration of Critical Thinkings analysis confirms the previous iterations but focuses on the power of money. Simply put, global banking is a criminal cartel or mafia gang hidden behind a facade of respectability which crumbles with ease when we look beyond officially sanctioned narratives.  Critical Thinking can tell people, and point to evidence, that banking is a criminal enterprise. We can also show them the web of global banking controlled by the Rothschilds and seven other families. But will they listen? In the main, no because they already believe the official narratives and are penalised for thinking differently.  “It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it.” - Upton Sinclair. In the current political economy, it is more than your salary at stake, it is the future of your family, friends and community, your liberty and possibly your life. In truth, we can’t “tell” or “teach” anybody anything; learning is the key to understanding. Critical Thinking, through its co-creative learning process, has identified Usury, theft of the Commons and institutional Hierarchy as root causes of our problems but unless people learn how and why this is so, these are no “silver bullets” to set humanity free. With the benefit of hindsight, the postcard should read, “Now form your own CoCreative Learning group to explore these” Paradigm shift in human consciousness What is needed is a paradigm shift in human thinking – away from competitive dialectics to co-creative learning.  Groupthink abounds in the current political economy, often polarised between two opposing ideologies. Our current political economy is founded on competition and, in academia, on competing ideas. Issues are "argued" between two polarised standpoints: true/false, right/left, right/wrong etc.- binary thinking. This is why political discourse is often a dialogue of the deaf and debate deteriorates into name calling. But life is infinitely nuanced and often ambiguous, yet there is limited time or room for subtlety or ambiguity in academia and, as a result, even less in the political economy. Glaringly obvious contradictions and lies are hidden within this cage of binary groupthink; most are unaware of the irreconcilable differences and "ominous continuities" in official narratives but many succumb to wilfully blind hypocrisy in promoting them. The internet is the catalyst for that paradigm shift in human consciousness Never before have we had the ability to explore information without limit (sifting the wheat from the chaff). Until the arrival of the internet, it was almost impossible to see how the world works. Those researching and analysing the current political economy wouldn’t have moved beyond “first base”. We’ve unprecedented means to communicate with anyone, anywhere. It is this communication and sharing of information, bypassing “authorised” hierarchical institutions, which makes CoCreative Learning possible on a global but human scale. It is the means to co-create a distributed network of learning across the world, straddling geographic and other boundaries. We can communicate with the "other" to find common ground and explore the reasons for our differing understanding and beliefs. The internet is (or was) a distributed, non-hierarchical information and communication network – “was” refers to the increasing threat to “net neutrality” and colonisation of large swathes of the internet by vested interests. The internet and the free software movement flourished and fuelled creativity because of their decentralised, non-hierarchical structures. Free software is an exemplar of how ecosystems of human co-creativity can evolve to solve large complex problems. A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential freedoms:  - The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).  - The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1).  - The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbour (freedom 2).  - The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). These same freedoms apply to information, analysis and ideas developed through Critical Thinking and the CoCreative Learning Project Many are surprised to learn that more than 50% of the internet runs on free software. The internet and the software which runs it are arguably as complex as the political economy. Free, open source, co-creative learning is the key to unlock the secrets of the political economy and its effects on humans and the planet. The promise of CoCreative Learning is no more or less than this. From modest beginnings, we hope to encourage others to develop and agree a shared understanding, one conversation at a time. This doesn't require large numbers. There is much evidence of the power of co-creative learning and it is to do with resonance. Jazz Razool has created a "resonance engine" to harness the power of co-creative learning. Sugata Mitra's SOLE experiment shows the power of co-creative learning among "uneducated" slum children in India. Critical Thinking has co-created a viable model of the global political economy, supported by copious evidence from a widely distributed network of information sources. What we hope, is to create space for a globally distributed conversation. Margaret Mead said: "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has." which may be true, as far as it goes, but many changes have worsened our chances of survival as a species, because they invariably address symptoms rather than the underlying disease: ignorance of how the world really works. Co-creative learning is the bedrock on which to hold a global conversation to understand how we work together for a better world for everyone. To learn in depth about the CoCreative Learning Project and how to start learning co-creatively, visit the wiki: https://cocreativelearning.org  Unleashing our power to evolve through CoCreative Learning to reach a shared understanding of the global political economy The main elements of CoCreative Learning are the principles and process which power Critical Thinking’s methodology. The Principles apply to Self-Managing Organisations derived from Frederic Laloux’s Reinventing Organisations and Thinking and Evaluating Information from Bertrand Russell’s Liberal Decalogue. Diversity of “voices” and information sources is key, in order to obtain as wide a perspective on the political economy as possible and to build overlapping circles of trust founded on human relationships. While co-creative learning is best conducted on a scale which fosters close relationships (in small groups), digital media enable such groups to co-create a distributed network (global community) to supercharge learning and develop understanding within a wider context. Below is an illustration of overlapping learning groups co-creating a co-creative learning ecosystem, which can be replicated and integrated through CoCreative Learning. B. S.O.L.E. is the self-organised learning centre at Newcastle University; Debian is a popular, free, open source software distribution based on Linux co-created by the Debian community; Free University evolved from Occupy London’s Tent City University and gave birth to Critical Thinking. It is the co-creative filtering and synthesis of relevant information from diverse sources which is so powerful   MindMaps to develop a Model of the political economy MindMaps are fundamental to Critical Thinking’s process and were the foundations upon which the CoCreative Learning Project “materialised”. MindMaps are essential to develop a pictorial or diagrammatic view of the world which can be easily translated into a visual map or model of the political economy. It doesn't require computer skills, just a notebook, pencil and eraser. The wiki explains how to use MindMaps and of their value in developing a Model for the political economy.  We invite experts (and anyone else) to challenge or verify Critical Thinking’s analysis by using the power of co-creative learning. We rely on experts to make important decisions on our behalf. These experts are only expert in their field and have little understanding of the political economy as a system; they don't foresee the consequences of their decisions and actions on others and the system itself. Experts take on trust, information from other experts who are similarly confined. Consequently, we are denied the means to verify whether what we are told is true and supported by all the evidence available. We need experts to delve into the depths of their specialism but they need to co-create their learning to unleash the power of co-creative learning for themselves and humanity. But experts are trapped within an environment which inhibits co-creation with incentives and penalties to compete and cement cherished beliefs into the psyche. Fortunately for us, there are “maverick” experts and independent minds sharing valuable primary and secondary research and analysis but they too need to co-create their learning to unleash the incredible power of CoCreative Learning. However, in the final analysis, it is up to all of us, the non-experts (ie. humanity because nobody is expert in everything) to co-create a clear vision of the reality within which we live. Co-creative learning conceived and implemented the CoCreative Learning Project in less than a month. It has been the foundation of our methodology for 6 years, since the inception of Critical Thinking, but our evolutionary purpose hadn’t crystallised this concept into anything tangible until a month ago - the CoCreative Learning Project had been taking shape in discussions and occasional Daily Pickings during the summer of this year but not identified or articulated as an objective. Most of the materials and outline for the wiki had been accumulating within Daily Pickings and MindMaps, making implementation swift and relatively easy – CoCreative Learning created itself - autopoiesis. The Future There are numerous, available “solutions” to our problems which have been developed by people around the world. Once we have a shared understanding of the reality of our condition, we can use the same CoCreative Learning process to evaluate and implement solutions. If that shared understanding recognises the validity of Critical Thinking’s analysis, there is plenty of accumulated wisdom within the diverse Critical Thinking community to be shared. As long as the three fundamental root causes (usury, theft of the commons and institutional hierarchy) of today’s problems are absent from the solutions, a new political economy can be co-created to meet family, community and global needs within an ecology of CoCreative Learning. Welcome and thank you If you are new to Critical Thinking, welcome. To all those, within the wide Critical Thinking community who interact via the website, Daily Pickings, Twitter and the numerous groups and individuals we meet and correspond with, thank you. It is the co-creative learning within the Critical Thinking community and beyond which evolved into the CoCreative Learning Project.  Take it, use it and share it freely, it may hold the key to our future. The CoCreative Learning Project is now yours The Wiki is now open for people involved in co-creative learning to share their practices, tips and ideas and develop the beginnings of an ecosystem of CoCreative Learning. Such an ecology will expand the nascent, global conversation to reach a shared understanding of how and why the world is the way it is and to lay the foundations for a self-organising, non-hierarchical political economy to serve everyone’s needs and desires. Currently, incentives and penalties in the political economy ensure that established "wisdom" remains unassailable until such time as sufficient contrary evidence penetrates public consciousness to overwhelm the previous understanding. Co-creative learning is already doing this work, in spite of the obstacles and impediments. In the early years of Critical Thinking, we were exploring topics, issues and ideas that were never discussed in the mainstream but more of these are now seeping into public consciousness. The CoCreative Learning Project removes the incentives, penalties and limitations of orthodox learning, to set us free. The choice is the Red Pill (to wake us up) or the Blue Pill of wilful ignorance. If you take the Red Pill, CoCreative Learning is a journey of discovery through layers of lies and deception. We must apply "tentative conviction" to our work which means we assert our analysis is correct at the last iteration of our understanding but recognise, as we dig deeper, new information or evidence may emerge to overturn our previous conviction. Like nature and the universe, co-creative learning is fluid, dynamic and circular, not static and linear. In a world that is constantly changing and evolving, our learning too must evolve if we are to adapt and thrive. And remember… nothing is impossible! -------------------------------- Daily Pickings is a blog on issues and events related to the work of the Critical Thinking project and invariably references videos, articles, books and academic papers. Accumulation of these materials adds to the "Critical Thinking reference library". We welcome comments and interaction on Daily Pickings via Comments for which you need to be logged in as a User. Critical Thinking is a collaborative, educational project relying on contributions from diverse sources. To find out more about the Critical Thinking project go to freecriticalthinking.org If you want to Comment on today's Daily Pickings go to: http://freecriticalthinking.org/daily-pickings Raise awareness of issues ignored by the mainstream media and share information by forwarding this email to a friend, colleague or family member who can subscribe to the Critical Thinking mailing list to receive Daily Pickings: http://www.freecriticalthinking.org/subscribe

Milk: As pure and safe as it seems?


https://previews.123rf.com/images/volff/volff1110/volff111000141/10978555-Milk-jug-and-glass-on-the-grass-with-chamomiles-On-a-background-of-the-summer-sky-with-clouds--Stock-Photo.jpg


Is it being sufficiently monitored? Is enough being done by Government and Industry at source to prevent chemical contamination?

Following article from: 'Science Alert'  http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijds.2007.104.115

Research Article
Chemical Contaminants in Milk and Public Health Concerns: A Review
Gh. R. Jahed Khaniki
ABSTRACT
Chemical contaminants in milk comprise chemical hazards that may introduce during milk production, dairy processing or packaging. Veterinary drugs, heavy metals, radionuclides, mycotoxins and pesticides are chemical contaminants that can enter to animal feed and they have some residues in milk. The most contentious residues that occur in milk are antimicrobial drugs. They have some hazards for humans who consume milk and dairy products. Government and producer must apply some methods and plans for prevention and control of chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products. Total quality management and the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach has an important role for preventing and controlling of chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products, especially antibiotics in raw milk shipped from the farm. This study would have a review of materials and sources of chemical contaminants, public health concerns and the methods of for controlling of these contaminants in milk and dairy products.	Services Related Articles in ASCI Similar Articles in this Journal Search in Google Scholar View Citation Report Citation
How to cite this article: Gh. R. Jahed Khaniki , 2007. Chemical Contaminants in Milk and Public Health Concerns: A Review. International Journal of Dairy Science, 2: 104-115. DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2007.104.115  URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijds.2007.104.115
INTRODUCTION Milk production has inextricably a linked to the environment. The latter depends largely on human activities. Uncontrolled processes interfering with the food delivering ecological system or with its natural compounds lead to residues in milk, which are not very easy to be controlled. Most of the foods produced for human consumption grow using pesticides. Chemical control of weeds, insects, fungi and rodents has enabled agricultural productivity and intensity to increase. However, these economic benefits are not without their risks to human and environmental health. Pesticides are not the only contaminants in food that may affect children's health adversely. In addition to pesticides, a large number of environmental contaminants can enter the cow as a residue of herbicides on feedstuffs or as drugs given to the cow orally, by injection, or as intra mammary infusions for the treatment of mastitis. Contaminants also enter milk from equipment after milking. Many of these compounds are fat-soluble and will be stored in adipose tissue or secreted in milk fat. Residues, particularly organochlorine pesticides which tend to accumulate in body fat, or enter to milk fat. Less lipophilic compounds and their metabolites may excrete in urine. The general types of compounds which have been or are found in milk are chlorinated pesticides, organophosphates, herbicides, fungicides, anti helminthetic drugs, antibiotic and sulfonamides drugs, detergents and disinfectants, Poly Chlorinated (PCBs), Poly Brominated Biphenyles (PBBs), dioxins, mycotoxins, heavy metals and somatotropin hormone. Any of these compounds may persist at collection, preparation processes of dairy products and they considered residues (Jensen, 1995; Hubbert et al., 1996). The potential to cause toxicological harm to consumers is one characteristic in common for all of chemical contaminants (Tennant, 1997). Chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products may know to be contributory factors in several diseases such as cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinsonism. The idea that synthetic chemicals such as DDT are major contributors to human cancer has been inspired (Ames and Gold, 1998). The occurrence of chemical residues in the milk of lactating cows is a matter of public health concern, since dairy products are widely consumed by infants, children and many adults throughout the world. In view of this, many countries have enacted regulations that limit the level of chemical residues in milk and dairy products. Milk chemical safety is important for public health. Governments need to assessment of chemical risks in people who consume contaminated milk to achieve risk communication and risk management. Total quality management and the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach has an important role for preventing and controlling of chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products, especially antibiotics in raw milk shipped from the farm. SOURCES OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS The sources of chemical contaminants in raw materials of animal origin, mainly milk, are to a large extent comparable to those of raw materials originating from plants (DeVries, 1997). The most of chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products are veterinary drugs such as antimicrobials (antibiotics and sulfonamides), hormones, anthelminthitic drugs, pesticides and etc. ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS Much of the veterinary treatment of dairy cattle involves intra mammary infusion of antibiotics to control mastitis. Some drugs apply to control endoparasites, ectoparasites and several illnesses and to increase milk production (Jensen, 1995; Korsrud et al., 1998). The most commonly used antimicrobials in dairy cattle can group into five major classes. These include the beta-lactams (e.g, penicillins and cephalosporins), tetracyclines (e.g., Oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline), amino glycosides (e.g., streptomycine, neomycin and gentamycin), macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) and sulfanomides (e.g., sulfamethazines) (Mitchell et al., 1998; Sundlof et al., 1995). These drugs are administered to animals by many routes such as injection routs, orally in the food and water, topically on the skin and by intra mammary and intrauterine infusions. Theoretically, all of these routes may lead to residues appearing in milk and dairy products (Hubbert et al., 1996; Mitchell et al., 1998). Whenever any route with an antibiotic treats a lactating cow, measurable levels of the antibiotic are usually detectable in the milk for a few days after the last. There are Maximum Residues Limits (MRLs) for some drugs in milk according EU regulations that have shown in Table 1 (Europian Commission, 1997). Table 1: MRLs of some veterinary drugs in milk according to EU regulations STEROID HORMONES Milk can also consider as a rich source of steroid hormones. The amounts of lipophilic hormones depend on the fat content of the milk and dairy products. Not only progesterone but also estrone increases with fat content. Food processing does not seem to influence the amount and ratios of the hormones. Food processing, such as heating or churning, appears to have no effect on the hormones in milk and dairy products although cheese ripening does. In fresh cheese as well as in ripened cheese, testosterone was detected (0.1-0.5 mg kg-1). Probably not only propionic acid bacteria but also other fermenting bacteria or clotting enzymes are responsible for the formation of testosterone during the fermentation process (Hartmann et al., 1998). BOVINE GROWTH HORMONE Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) or Bovine Somatotropin (BST) is a genetically engineered protein hormone either identical or similar to the natural bovine pituitary product. Its primary function is to increase milk production dairy lactating cattle. Therefore, BST is a protein hormone that increases milk production in cows between 10 and 15% (Coghlan, 1994a; Eppard et al., 1985; Hileman, 1993a; Hileman, 1994; Hoagland et al., 1997; Londono et al., 1997; Potter, 1994; Hileman, 1993b). An increase in milk yield typically occurs with 5 days after beginning of treatment. When BST-treated cows were consuming sufficient quantities of nutrients to meet the energy needs for additional milk synthesis, body lipid mobilization did not increase, but lipid synthesis was instead reduced (Sechen et al., 1989). BGH increases activity and/or longevity of mammary secretary cells, probably via Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I produced by the liver and/or the mammary gland (Chilliard et al., 1998; FAO/WHO, 1993). IGF-I is a portion of the effects of BST on lactation in dairy cows (Cohick, 1998). The raw milk and pasteurized milk could have been levels of IGF-I of 5.6 and 8.2 ng mL-1, respectively. The infant formula could have been only trace amounts of IGF-I of 0.7 ng mL-1. Therefore, IGF-I is not destroyed by the pasteurization process but the heating of milk for the preparation of infant formula denaturizes IGF-I and significantly, reduction (35-48%) levels of IGF-I compared to raw milk(FAO/WHO, 1993). BGH is probably stimulating immunological responses of animals and hence increasing the milk cell count (Chilliard et al., 1998). It can cause to increase incidence of clinical mastitis in cows (Long, 1993; Hileman, 1993b; Coghlan, 1994b; Judge et al., 1997) and sub clinical mastitis in ewes (Brozos et al., 1998).This prompted concern that increased use of antibiotics to treat the mastitis might lead to increased residues of such drugs in milk (Long, 1993). Therefore, the risk to human health comes not from BGH residues but from the possibility that residues from the antibiotics used to treat the udder infections could end up in the milk supply (Cohick, 1998). There are many conventions about BST treated in cows. For example, an international meeting of scientists of the United States and Europe has concluded that beef raised with hormonal supplements has no adverse effect on humans and they are safe for cows and humans (Coghlan, 1994; Kaiser, 1995). However, in news of the World Trade Organization has partially accepted European Union (EU) contentions for prohibiting the use of growth-promoting hormones in cattle (Layman, 1998). PARASITICIDE DRUGS Parasiticide drugs also use to remove internal parasites such as flukes, tapeworms (helminths) and nematodes (round worms) are important in animal production systems. The oxylosanide, closantel and rafoxanide are active against Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) (Gracyey and Collins, 1992). Albendazole is a widely used benzimidazole anthelmentic that has shown efficacy against the important species of round worms, tapeworms and flukes from animals and humans. Following administration to cattle and sheep, albendazole is readily absorbed from the gut and rapidly transform to various metabolites, the major metabolites being albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone and albendazole 2-amino sulfone. These metabolites can account for all residues found in milk and dairy products at any time point that are both bioavailable and of toxicological significance (FAO/WHO, 1990; Schenck and Callery, 1998). Residues of benzimidazole compounds can occur in milk and dairy products and it is necessary to observe withdrawal periods for milk after therapy. Toxicological studies of animals have shown albendazole and its metabolites to be mutagenic. To protect the consumer from residues in marketed. A provisional maximum residue limit for total albendazole residues of 100 ng ml-1 established within the European Union (Fletouris et al., 1997). PESTICIDES AND INSECTICIDES Contamination of feeds arises in the field or store where treatment with pesticides occurs. Chlorinated pesticides and related compounds such as DDT, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Dioxins can enter milk and dairy products. The chlorinated hydrocarbons are extremely durable, persistent, endocrine-disrupting activities, bio-accumulating and widely distributed toxic compounds that find their way into the food chain usually through use in controlling environmental or animal pests (Mukerjee, 1998). As much as 20% of an ingested chlorinated hydrocarbon excretes in milk. Chlorinated hydrocarbons adhere to milk fat and butter contains a much higher proportion of these insecticides (Hubbert et al., 1996). Residues of some chlorinated compounds in milk and dairy products show in Table 2. DDT can accumulate in fatty tissues and can transfer into milk and dairy products. Organochlorine pesticides such as DDT and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) have banned in China since 1983. Residues of such compounds may persist in the environment and cause contamination through the food chain (Wong and Lee, 1997). Presented organochlorine pesticide residues (owing to their use in sanitary actions) indicating a human exposure through milk and dairy products. Table 2: Mean level of pesticide content of milk and dairy products aHexachlorobenzene, bHexachlorocyclohexane, cDichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane MYCOTOXINS Some of the moulds produce various toxic metabolites under appropriate temperature and moisture conditions. These metabolites, which may be hazardous for human health, are called mycotoxins (Van Egamond, 1989; Sharma and Salunkhe, 1991). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) may be found in the milk of animals that are fed with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) containing feed (Van Egamond, 1989; Wood, 1991). It can produce by moulds of feeds that have been harvested damp, have not adequately dried, or are improperly stored. These substances through the feedstuff can infect dairy cattle. The content of AFM1 in milk is entirely dependent on the presence of the precursor AFB1 in the ration of dairy cattle and it can numerically express as feed to milk ratio. The forming of AFM1, metabolite of AFB1, occurs in liver and it secrets into milk in the mammary gland of dairy cows (Cathey et al., 1994). Many researchers reported that there was a linear relationship between the amount of AFM1 in milk and AFB1 in feed consumed by the animals. On the other hand, AFM1 levels in milk show a seasonal variation and the toxin amount have differences in the products, which are produced from the toxin containing milk. It reported that after uncovering of negative effects of aflatoxins on public health, various international foundations related with this subject paid attention and in 1993, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of WHO included AFB1 as primary and AFM1 as secondary groups of carcinogenic compounds (Cathey et al., 1994; Dragacci et al., 1995). Many countries have carried out various control and inspection programs on this subject concerning about public health for many years. According to the results obtained, maximum aflatoxin levels were determined for food and feed by considering each country’s conditions and finally regulations were established (Stahr et al., 1990; Stoloff et al., 1991; Chen and Gao, 1993). Heat treatments like pasteurization were not effective in the reduction of formation of AFM1 (Jahed Khaniki, 2006). It has relatively increased in cheese samples because of its affinity to casein fraction in milk and due to the water solubility of this toxin lower level of AFM1 was found in cream and butter than that of bulk-tank milk. All of these findings indicated that AFM1 with different levels could be available in dairy products made from contaminated milk. Consequently, this subject is a serious problem for the public health since all the age groups including infants and children consume these products worldwide. For this reason, milk and dairy products have to be inspected continuously for AFM1 contamination at least twice a year. Beside this, it is important to have low levels of AFM1 in the feeds of dairy animals and in order to achieve this purpose, feeds of dairy cows should be kept away from contamination as much as possible (Bakirci, 2001; Jahed Khaniki, 2006). HEAVY METALS Heavy metals enter the human body mainly by the routes of inhalation and ingestion. With increasing environmental pollution, a heavy metal exposure assessment study is necessary (Barbera et al., 1993; Schuhmacher et al., 1993; Ikeda et al., 1996; Raghunath et al., 1997). Heavy metals produce toxic effects by replacing essential metal ions existing in the chelates present in body. The intake via ingestion depends upon food habits. It is well established that lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are toxicfor human and children are more sensitive to these metals than adults. The metals, namely copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), are essential micronutrients and have a variety of biochemical functions in all living organisms. While Cu and Zn are essential, they can be toxic when taken in excess; both toxicity and necessity vary from element-to-element. Milk is the fundamental food for infants and the daily intake of the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zncanb determine by different age groups of infants through different milks and baby foods. Heavy metals can enter to milk and dairy products and affect the health of people who have consumed contaminate milk and dairy products. There are various levels of heavy metals in produced milk samples of different countries (Table 3). Table 3: Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in milk samples of different countries PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS The presence of chemical contaminants in milk are very important for consumers and it can be a matter of public health concern as well as many of unknown diseases in human because milk and dairy products are widely consumed by humans throughout the world. Primary concerns associated with antimicrobial residues in milk and dairy products do not express by the consumers. It expresses by the dairy processors who found that contaminated milk was inhibiting the starter cultures used in the production of cheeses, yoghurt and other fermented dairy products as well as influencing the results of the dye reduction tests used for milk quality at the time (Jensen, 1995; Brady and Katz, 1988; Kaneene and Ahl, 1987; Senyek et al., 1990). An important concern of veterinary toxicology is the possible transmission of harmful substances from milk and dairy products to human population. This concerns primarily antibiotics in use as feed additives. They include tetracycline, nitrofuranes and sulfonamides (DeVries, 1997).There may be biologically active metabolites of antimicrobial in milk and dairy products that could result anaphylaxis and allergic shock in sensitized individuals such as penicillin (Kaneene and Ahl, 1987; Gustafson, 1991). Penicillin is not inactivated by pasteurization or drying and levels as low as 0.03 IU mL-1 has caused skin rashes (Bjorland et al., 1998). Overuse of antimicrobial in agriculture production cause to toxicity in human and animals. They can cause some disruptions like aplasia of the bone marrow (e.g., chloramphenicol) (Mitchell et al., 1998; Jones and Seymour, 1988; Mitchell et al., 1995) and carcinogen (e.g., oxytetracycline and furazolidone). In addition, they can react with nitrite to yield (carcinogenic) nitrosamines (e.g., oxytetracycline) (Mitchell et al., 1998). They have some effects on the human gut microbial populations, the emergence of resistant bacteria within animals and the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes(R-factor) from non- pathogenic bacteria to other bacteria or human pathogens that will lead to widespread resistance (Sundlof et al., 1995; Mitchell et al., 1995; Ahl and Buntain, 1997; Bjorland et al., 1998). Therefore, the use of antibiotics in livestock species may accelerate the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of microbial pathogens, potentially complicating treatment for both animals and humans. Pesticides, e.g., Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), can cause damages on central nervous system, reproductive and endocrine. Organochlorines are pesticides, which have neurotoxic and teratologic effects (Alvarado and Perez, 1998). In general, organochlorine pesticides characterize by their high lipophilicity and long elimination half-lives. Disruption of the normal homeostasis of the endocrine functions can result in developmental, reproductive, neurotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic and other adverse health effects. The mechanisms of endocrine disruptive actions of these chemicals have not well understood. It is not known as to whether these chemicals act directly as hormones or modify the endocrine systems by binding to endocrine receptor sites. Disruption of normal endocrine-regulated functions by these chemicals represents an important consideration in risk assessment (Mukerjee, 1998). Mycotoxins can also present in milk and dairy products and can create public health problems in humans. The consumption by humans of aflatoxin-containing edible-tissue, other than milk, from animals that have consumed aflatoxin contaminated feed, is necessarily a matter of concern. Aflatoxin M1 in milk is a carcinogenic metabolite of aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products led to increase the risk of cancer liver (Krogh, 1987). Excretion of AFM1 into milk causes hepatocellular carcinoma in rat and rain trout. Due to the potent carcinogenicity of AFM1, most countries regulate both AFB1 in dairy cattle feed and the AFM1 in milk. The tolerance level for AFM1 in milk varies among countries from 0.05 μg kg-1in Europe to 0.5 μg kg-1 in the United States (Saitanu, 1997; WHO, 2002). The tolerance level for AFM1 in milk and dairy products in Iran is also 0.05 to 0.5 μg kg-1 (Jahed Khaniki, 2006). CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS PREVENTION AND CONTROL Governments have responsibility for making regulations to protect consumers against harm arising from chemical in food. Therefore, the National Residue Program (NRP) began in 1967. The original concern was the effect of environmental contamination, primarily from pesticides, on animals utilized for food. Today, the program includes analyses for over 100 drugs and chemical residues. The regulation of illegal residues in foods is a cooperative effort of FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Services), FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The FDA is responsible for ensuring the safety of all food products, raw or processed, except meat, poultry and processed eggs. In addition to food, FDA is also responsible for cosmetics, drugs, medical devices, radiological products, animal drugs used in the production and treatment of food animals and for establishing maximum limits on such drugs that may be in the tissue of such animals (Tennant, 1997). Veterinary residues are regulated through Maximum Residues Levels (MRLs) which are permitted in milk and dairy products on sale. Milk must be withheld from sale for a specific period after veterinary therapy (usually 72-96 h) to ensure that no residues persist. Even with the possibility of a recognized withholding period for the milk, few drugs are authorized for use in lactating cows (Hubbert et al., 1996; Bjorland et al., 1998). Therefore, if the milk with holding times is applied, there should be no detectable residues in milk. The amounts decrease rapidly. For example, the amount of amoxicillin found in milk 36 h after an intra mammary application of 200 mg was 1 mg dL-1 (Jensen, 1995). Besides FDA, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) have established of MRLs and ADI of some veterinary residues in milk for consumer protection (Table 4). Table 4: Residues of some veterinary drugs in cow’s milk for human consumption aADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): ADI for a food is the health endpoint and represents an estimate of the amount of a chemical residue that can be ingested daily over the lifetime of an individual in the general population without appreciable risk. bMRLs: Maximum residue limits PROGRAMS FOR CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS PREVENTION AND CONTROL There are many programs for chemical contaminants prevention and control in milk and dairy products such as HACCP program and Total Quality Management and Quality Assurance program. HACCP ProgramOne very useful program for chemical contaminants control in milk and dairy products is the using of the hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) approaches in livestocks, milk and dairy industries. The HACCP approach specifically develops for control in the food production industries. Its applications to date have focused mainly on microbiological hazards, although it also has potential application for chemical hazards (Tennant, 1997; Alli, 1992; Sischo et al., 1997). HACCP provides a useful framework that dairy plant operators can use to manage the potential risks, which their business faces. Critical Control Points (CCPs) is possible for various food chemical hazards in milk and dairy production. It should noted that a potential CCP arises each time goods move between compartments in the system, in addition to CCPs which occur within each process. This means that all milk and dairy products brought into a process, whether they be agricultural or veterinary chemicals used on farm, feed additives as a growth promotion in feed animal, or food additives used in dairy products or packaging materials used to present the final product, should be subject to the HACCP approach. Therefore, HACCP is the best suited to self-contained milk and dairy production, storage, transport, processing or retailing operations. Therefore, HACCP could have been a major role for contamination control in during milk and dairy processing (Jahed Khaniki, 2005). One principle in HACCP is the chain sources auditing. Auditing should include not only the operator’s own HACCP procedures but also those of operators up the chain. For example, milk and dairy processors buying feed animals should seek assurances that HACCP procedures applied during primary production, storage and transport insofar as this is practicable. Thus, a continuous audit trial will be formed from farm to plate so that when problems do occur they can be traced easily back to their source (Tennant, 1997). Total Quality Management and Quality Assurance ProgramResponsibility for chemical contaminants control in milk and dairy products lies with all participitants in the production process, from farmers through to consumers. Consumer and governmental concern over the potential for the introduction of chemical contaminants on the farm into the food supply is an important issue affecting policy for the livestock industry. One goal of total quality management is to prevent the occurrence of chemical contaminants, especially antibiotic residues in raw milk Shipped from the farm. An effective approach to meet this goal is the implementation of HACCP procedures, which are part of the Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program (MDBQAP) for antibiotic avoidance (Sischo et al., 1997; Sischo, 1996) The MDBQAP was conceived as a HACCP program. The objectives of the HACCP program are to identify hazards associated with a process and to determine the acceptable limits in production process. Also, it determines the Critical Control Points (CCP) that prevent those hazards, to develop a management strategy that addresses the identified CCP, to monitor the success of the program and to make any necessary changes to management procedures in response to outcome of the monitoring. Evaluation of early implementations of the MDBQAP by representatives of milk receivers and veterinarians identified deficiencies in the MDBQAP program as a HACCP program. Although the MDBQAP clearly articulated the hazard (such as veterinary drugs) and provided critical control points to prevent the hazard in milk and dairy products, the MDBQAP failed to motivate procedures to examine their own practices carefully (Sischo et al., 1997). CONCLUSIONS Contaminants in cow’s milk and dairy products cause by accidents, carelessness and overzealous use of antibiotics. Chemical contamination cannot completely prevent, or eliminate from milk and dairy products. Because milk contains the persistent fat and lipophilic contaminants will find for some time. Further, when the enormous quantity of milk produced is considered, the potential health hazard posed by the residues is almost nonexistent. The use of food safety and quality assurance in farms and plants is very important to reduce chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products. A regulatory law implementation in milk and dairy industries and long term planning is required to do milk safety. In addition, there are other items such as training of personnel or current good manufacturing practices and monitoring. Good manufacturing practices and monitoring can do by regular examination with economic penalties about chemical residues. It is useful to reduce chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products from a regulatory point. Monitoring can accompany by regular reevaluation of the acceptable levels must continue, but with the realization that some residues will probably always be found in very low quantities and they are considered to be unavoidable contaminants.
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